Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Intro to Linguistics Essay

The study of human languages; including the influence of one language on another; how language and words are formed and change within time; the rules of the language- how words are formed, the structure of sentences and words; relationship between culture and language; how language is acquired- the process of language acquisition (foreigner verses mother tongue language). There are two approaches/types of linguistics: 1. Traditional Linguistics- the only field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern Linguistics Traditional Linguistics. Characteristics: 1. Proscriptive approach- according to this approach, linguists tell native speakers how to use their own mother tongue- what are the rules: set norms of/ dictating the right use of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The goal is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong language. 2. Focus on the written language- Most of the focus is on the written text, which is considered superior to the spoken language; the base of the rules. 3. Diachronic Research (etymology) – Historical research- the study of the origins of words and languages, which reveals many connections between different languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of one language on another is even higher these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, there was a shift of interest to the following: The human languages are more complex and highly different than animal communication systems- due to amazing cognitive human communication ability (the language faculty). A known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the first linguist to pose the following question: what do we know when we know a language (mother tongue)? By asking this question the focus of linguistics was shifted from grammar to the study of human language as a cognitive ability (cognitive science). The focus shifted to Language faculty ( ) – and what it consists of. Characteristics: 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers’ use the language, both in writing and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions out of it- learn about the changes that the language undergoes through time. Not interested in what should be, but rather in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, just observation and description of the current use, in order to analyze and find correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- point of departure is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following: * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and therefore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not all languages have a written system, but everyone has at least one mother tongue language. * The written language is less natural- one needs to study it in a very logical way; whereas the spoken language –mother tongue is acquired in a natural process, common to everyone (normally in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) – the focus is not on the origin/History of the words; but on the current use of the words today. We are less interested in what happened; but rather in what is happening today. Knowing â€Å"The† whereas knowing â€Å"about†! 07/11/11 Linguistic Fields 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic sounds (also called phones) which are consisted of consonants and vowels. The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letters/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is just the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in interaction, and when they are brought together into words- they usually affect each other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- something very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- examines words’ structure, and the ways words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. – how we form new words. Ex- dis/content/ed/ness (the parts are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the meaning of sentences. We also examine differences between languages- the order of verb and its subject, adj, nouns etc. In addition, we examine Syntaxic Processing , for example: Without her contributions/ are hard to find. – At first glance- it looks like something is missing in the sentence, when actually we did not process it in the right way- we can look at the sentence as: without her, contributions are hard to find. 5. Semantics- the study of meaning- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics –deals with meaning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For example: do you have the time? – One won’t answer: â€Å"yes†; but rather tell the person what time it is. Not like the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language – meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. – 2 â€Å" â€Å"- : * 6 ( = – 6 ) * 6 ( = ! – ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text; Narratives vs. expository text; the use of conjunctions; types of text; different tenses; complex vs. simple sentences; the length of sentences; vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and then foreign languages. How children acquire their mother tongue so quickly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is related to all the other fields mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic knowledge is represented in the brain. For example: aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a very big field that examines the correlation between language and psychological cognitive processes (for example: lexical retrieval). Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example: bug- insect/ computer related problem. The field also examines what happens when there is no context- how we associate between words and its meanings. For example: word priming- â€Å"Duck†-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12. Computational Linguistics-deals with building artificial intelligence, creating models that try to imitate how language works and use it in different applications. Related to the implementation of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example: Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who have language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors). Socio-linguistics We distinguish between dialects- different varieties of the same language, as a result of many factors. Types of Dialects- 1. Geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states there are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a certain group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an individual. It is sometimes gradual, and we don’t always notice it. Usually bases on imitation. Each of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic knowledge- every 4-5 year old can speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge – Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the environment, stimulates, feedback)? Two opposed currents in science, which have great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge: 1. Empiricism (John lock; Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- have no knowledge, which means that human knowledge equals the sum of experiences. Nothing is innate, we are only equipped with the ability to respond. Everyone are born equal- with nothing innate. This means humans can be shaped- their thought can be manipulated using feedback and exposure. 2. Rationalism (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences: we are born with some innate material- we are equipped with some ability, to which experience is added. Experience is not the only thing! All people are equal, but this equality is based on richness- we all share something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language – mother tongue (different theories): Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF Skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F. Skinner claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand one’s use with the other). For example: a kid only heard â€Å"John ate an apple†- but he will be able to create the following sentence: â€Å"John ate an Orange†; using Analogy. This means, we learn and use language, by: exposure +analogy. —————- In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when changing the word â€Å"told† to â€Å"promise† and still, it is automatically understood by a child in his mother tongue: John told bill to clean the room; John promised Bill to clean the room. How? -analogy is not enough to explain the above. —————- Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism; wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinner’s observations, claiming Analogy is not enough; and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings (regardless of their language or culture), which is also known as â€Å"the Hypothesis of innateness†. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge! We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innate! Evidence Chomsky proposed to enforce his theory: 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals’ communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological cases, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue; more or less at the same time; regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless number of sentences, including sentences that we have never heard before. We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages share (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise – how can it be explained? ). For example: * All languages have nouns and verbs –thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share: * John said that Mary bought a car. What did John say Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought? * John spread the rumor that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? – Ungrammatical sentence- any speaker will know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in English. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language acquisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- child has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5. By the age of 5 he already masters the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of learning a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick process also when learning foreigner language. * Critical period/age- there is a certain age in which the child must be exposed to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16). If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother tongue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities. If it was only exposer – it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself and the teacher/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate child’s grammer, it will eventually change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language. This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * Poverty of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain completely how a child acquires and masters his mother tongue: a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before. What he is exposed to is limited, yet what he can produce is endless. In addition, the stimuli consist of errors- he child doesn’t always listen to complete/ grammatical correct sentences: the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors; yet the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them. For example: John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or somebody else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never refer to John). When examining language acquisition, we see children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make such mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure – was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms: * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society. The rules of a language, but from a social point of view (a social term). * Parole-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didn’t relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds†¦ 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms: Competence vs. Performance. 1. Performance: the same as Parole: performance is how we actually use the language: what we actually write or say. 2. Competence: is not exactly the same as Langue. Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the system one has in his mind: some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language. In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competence and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn about the competence, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence: the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in one’s mind. The main question that linguists ask is: what does competence consist of? Chomsky’s Model: UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages). He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question: When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some specific knowledge, shared by all languages: Universal Grammer (UG) – it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages: by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with Particular Grammer (PG, G)- specific grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world. A child is equipped with universal grammer, common to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomsky’s model, UG consists of two things: 1. Principles- rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that don’t change at all from one language to another, such as: the existence of nasal consonants). 2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer; but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose values (â€Å"fillings†) are acquired during the exposer. The values are not common to different languages, Thus they have to be acquired via exposer. For example: in all language there is a subject in every sentence; but in some languages the subject must be a separate entity- which means the subject position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dropped (English does not allow the dropping of a subject: can’t say â€Å"ate an apple†. We must add a subject; vs. Hebrew- – â€Å" † represents the subject. In the French language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action: J’ai mange la pomme- the French â€Å"ai† is like the Hebrew â€Å" † , yet we still cannot drop the J: we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter: the subject must be pronounced separately; The Values of the Parameter: (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No. In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the values to the fixed parameters (the parameter is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the child’s critical period). Another Parameter is: * It is hot outside- * It seems that Marry is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the occurrence of the pronouns (functioning as the sentence’s subject) â€Å"it† and â€Å"there† is a must: they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, although one will be perfectly understood if he’ll say it); in Hebrew, we can drop them. Even though semantically we don’t need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called: Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but they’re only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT. We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). â€Å"It† and â€Å"There† are not always expletive pronouns- they can also function as referential pronouns: It is hot outside (expletive) vs. I can’t eat the soup, (referential); the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters: 1. Parameter: an expletive pronoun exists; values: yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter: a subject is a must; values: yes/no. (We can say that if a language must have a subject, it will necessary have Expletive pronouns; and vice versa: If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the occurrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate. 19/12/11 Some languages require an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive; this soup is not tasty because it is cold. – The â€Å"it† is referential- points to an entity). Proposition Stranding and Pied Piping â€Å"Who did you speak to? † can also be asked as followed: â€Å"To whom did you speak? â€Å"- These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same idea. It is not possible in Hebrew: : : This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposition by itself: leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is: Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued â€Å"yes† in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here! ————————————————- Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sounds (phones- ) – sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into: consonants (b, l, r, m†¦) and vowels (e, a, i†¦ ). The differentiation doesn’t refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically. (Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example: the sound â€Å"K†- is represented by 4 letters: k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as â€Å"K†). In Phonetics- Different sounds are examined in different languages: how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works. One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter â€Å"u† represents many sounds: university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion: there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spelling and pronunciation) 1. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – a system of symbols, used mainly by linguists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) – similar, yet competing system to the IPA. These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than special sounds/exceptions (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as: * in order to indicate/transcribe â€Å"sh† – we use: stretched big s (IPA) or s^(APA)- (the ^ should be upside down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c^ (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A minimal pair- * big- pig * sing- sang. * dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- â€Å"t† vs â€Å"d†. The spelling is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant â€Å"g†/ â€Å"p† changes the meaning of the word. This kind of word pairs are called â€Å"minimal pair†-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight : are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning. One of the goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce â€Å"pie†, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in: stole vs. tall (in â€Å"tall† we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little â€Å"h† on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the regular and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater amount of air (pie; tall). Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair; yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions: 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never occur in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can predict in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will occur. 2. Minimal pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 Pig – big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular – Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing – of the phone â€Å"p†. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations: aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones. Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR): the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the â€Å"backstage†- abstract representation. The phoneme has two manifestations: one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) – what comes out of our mouths (articulation). Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around! Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspirated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR: In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example: Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, play etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence. The default is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesn’t exist in the UR! Another example is: regular â€Å"N† vs. the back â€Å"N†: They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back â€Å"n† only before the sounds â€Å"k† and â€Å"g†- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex: bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default – will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds: â€Å"g† and â€Å"k† sounds. These two allophones are two versions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary distribution. â€Å"N† is the phoneme, which has two allophones: â€Å"n† and back â€Å"n†. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR! – The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they never occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs. You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be â€Å"n† and back â€Å"n†. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi – these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only: aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration – this feature in Hindi unlike the English, we have both – because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own. Aspiration – this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. Voicing ( )- Dean – Teen: â€Å"d†- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and â€Å"t† is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs. Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature! 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divided into: consonants and vowels. The difference between the two: in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blocked to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate). Generally, the following are involved: the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 criteria: 1. Place of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips; T- in the tongue; P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) – relates to the manner of the air flow and the degree of blocking. For example: â€Å"n†- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Economic Order Quantity and Significant Predictor.

1. Stock prices over a period of fifty (50) years would most likely exhibit no cyclical component. a. True b. False 2. On the plot labeled â€Å"a†, which of the following is correct? a. There is a trend present. b. There is a linear relationship. c. There is an obvious outlier. d. There is a negative relationship. 3. On the plot labeled â€Å"b†, there is an outlier present. a. True b. False 4. On the plot labeled â€Å"c†, which of the following models is most appropriate? a. single-parameter exponential smoothing b. regression c. regression with seasonality (classical time-series) . none of the above are appropriate 5. In a simple linear regression, we are using monthly advertising expenditures (in $000) to predict monthly profits (in $000). If the least squares equation is y = 21. 5 – . 1x and the coefficient of determination is . 49, the correlation coefficient = ______. a. 0. 70 b. -0. 70 c. unable to be determined from the data. 6. In a simple linea r regression, we are using monthly advertising expenditures (in $000) to predict monthly profits (in $000). If the least squares equation is y = 21. 5 – . x and the coefficient of determination is . 49. The predicted profit = __________ when advertising expenses are $0. a. 21. 5 b. -0. 1 c. $21,500 d. none of the above. 7. If the correlation coefficient is zero, there is no relationship between x and y. a. True b. False 8. Kelvin Shoe Stores carries a basic black dress shoe for men that sells at a rate of 500 each quarter. Their current policy is to order 500 per quarter, with a fixed cost of $30/order. The annual holding cost is 20% of the cost of items held. The following cost structure is applicable: Order Quantity |Price/pair | |0-99 |$36 | |100-199 |32 | |200-299 |30 | |300+ |28 | For a price of $36, the optimal order quantity is a. 129 b. infeasible for this cost structure. c. neither of the above. d. both a and b. 9. Kelvin Shoe Stores carries a basic black dress shoe for men that sells at a rate of 500 each quarter.Their current policy is to order 500 per quarter, with a fixed cost of $30/order. The annual holding cost is 20% of the cost of items held. The following cost structure is applicable: |Order Quantity |Price/pair | |0-99 |$36 | |100-199 |32 | |200-299 |30 | |300+ |28 | The optimal order quantity is a. 129 b. 141 c. 146 d. 300 10. Foster Inc. arries special holiday items, including Happy Angels (HAs). During the season, the demand for HAs is approximately normally distributed, with a mean of 320 and a standard deviation of 30. It costs Foster $5. 00 for each HA unless he orders at least 400, at which the price drops to $4. 50/HA. The HAs’ retail price is $10. Unsold items will be given to a local hospital, with a disposal cost of $0. 05/HA. Mr. Foster estimates that the goodwill cost of each item short is close to $0. 25. a. This is a single-period inventory problem. b. This is an EOQ problem. c. This is a periodic-review problem . d. None of the above 11.Foster Inc. carries special holiday items, including Happy Angels (HAs). During the season, the demand for HAs is approximately normally distributed, with a mean of 320 and a standard deviation of 30. It costs Foster $5. 00 for each HA unless he orders at least 400, at which the price drops to $4. 50/HA. The HAs’ retail price is $10. Unsold items will be given to a local hospital, with a disposal cost of $0. 05/HA. Mr. Foster estimates that the goodwill cost of each item short is close to $0. 25. A Christmas-tree model is appropriate. a. True b. False 12. A regular EOQ model is appropriate when demand is seasonal. a. True . False 13. See the attached â€Å"Regression Data I†. We are using the number of radios, TVs, and DVD players stocked to predict the profit, revenue, and cost for future periods. First, run a model to predict the profit. Select all which apply. a. Radios is a significant predictor. b. TVs is a significant predictor. c. DVDs is a significant predictor. d. The overall model is significant. e. The intercept is positive. f. Severe multicollinearity is present. 14. See the attached â€Å"Regression Data I†. We are using the number of radios, TVs, and DVD players stocked to predict the profit, revenue, and cost for future periods.Next, run a model to predict the cost. Select all which apply. a. Radios is a significant predictor. b. TVs is a significant predictor. c. DVDs is a significant predictor. d. The overall model is significant. e. The intercept is positive. f. Severe multicollinearity is present. 15. See the attached â€Å"Regression Data I†. We are using the number of radios, TVs, and DVD players stocked to predict the profit, revenue, and cost for future periods. Based on the output, which of the following recommendations would be most appropriate? a. We should stock more radios. b.We should stock fewer TVs. c. We should increase floor space, since it is probably constraining our sales ability. d. We should consider the time period. 16. What is the best answer given this information? (3) | |Model 1 |Model 2 |Model 3 | |X-variables |6 |4 |3 | |R2 |. 9344 |. 8857 |. 761 | |Adjusted R2 |. 9058 |. 8372 |. 8497 | |MSE |5667. 53 |6044. 05 |5844. 78 | a. Model 1 performs the best in all areas. b. Model 2 performs better than Model 3. c. We would most likely prefer Model 1. d. We would most likely prefer Model 2. e. We would most likely prefer Model 3. 17. The table below features three forecasting models used on the same set of data. Select all that apply. |Model 1 |Model 2 |Model 3 | |Type |Single-parameter Exponential |2-parameter Exponential smoothing |3-parameter Exponential smoothing| | |smoothing | | | |MSE |8755. 3 |4876. 2 |5945. 8 | a. There is likely a strong seasonal component present. b. There is likely a trend present. c. There is no random component present. d.There is a cyclical component present. e. A different smoothing constant could affect the MSE for Model 1. 18. If we increase the order (setup) cost, the order quantity will _____________ if we hold all other costs constant. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same as long as there is no shortage cost d. become unstable 19. If demand is normally distributed, a. a basic EOQ is appropriate. b. a single-period model could not be appropriate. c. we should produce to fill demand, rather than filling it through orders. d. none of the above would be true. 20. Which of the following methods may be used to determine future order quantities? . forecasting b. regression c. inventory models d. all of the above 21. Refer to the inventory output for Betsy’s Blue Bonnet Bakery. Here, Betsy is trying to determine the optimal order policy for birthday kits. What is the safety stock? 114____________ 22. Refer to #21. What is Betsy’s service level if she uses this policy? 87%________________ 23. Refer to #21. If Betsy changes to a lost sales model, the order quantity would be expe cted to increase. a. True b. False c. It depends on the cost associated with a lost sale. 24. Refer to the forecasting output for Betsy’s. This model is appropriate for the type of data. . True b. False 25. Refer to #24. Look at the forecast errors. Which of the following best describes the situation? a. The errors are indicative of what we like to see. b. The errors are randomly distributed. c. The errors are indicative of a problem with the model. d. The errors are indicative of a poor choice of ?. 26. Refer to #24. What recommendation would you make? a. We should use the model as is. b. We should alter model parameters to improve the fit? c. We should use the model, but use extreme caution in doing so. d. We should eliminate some time periods for forecasting. Regression Data I Profit | | | | | |Revenue | | | | | |Radios | | | | | |TVs | | | | | |DVDs | | | | | | | | | | | |Quarter | | | | | |Errors | | | | | | | | | | | |6318. 96 | | | | | |8395. 1 | | | | | |36 | | | | | |65 | | | | | |48 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |4721. 57 | | | | | |6300. 28 | | | | | |26 | | | | | |48 | | | | |39 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |5049. 16 | | | | | |6747. 5 | | | | | |33 | | | | | |51 | | | | | |40 | | | | | | | | | | | |2000 – 3 | | | | | |32 | | | | | | | | | | | |5249. 44 | | | | | |7028. 6 | | | | | |29 | | | | | |53 | | | | | |45 | | | | | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | |46 | | | | | | | | | | | |5290. 08 | | | | | |7116. 1 | | | | | |32 | | | | | |52 | | | | | |49 | | | | | | | | | | | |2001 – 1 | | | | | |19 | | | | | | | | | | | |5924. 41 | | | | | |7951. 0 | | | | | |41 | | | | | |58 | | | | | |52 | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | |23 | | | | | | | | | | | |5251. 97 | | | | | |7031. 09 | | | | | |36 | | | | |52 | | | | | |44 | | | | | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |34 | | | | | | | | | | | |4805. 72 | | | | | |6462. 8 | | | | | |31 | | | | | |47 | | | | | |44 | | | | | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | |49 | | | | | | | | | | | |5278. 60 | | | | | |7162. 2 | | | | | |46 | | | | | |49 | | | | | |51 | | | | | | | | | | | |2002 – 1 | | | | | |22 | | | | | | | | | | | |5301. 77 | | | | | |7136. 5 | | | | | |43 | | | | | |51 | | | | | |46 | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | |20 | | | | | | | | | | | |6121. 98 | | | | | |8249. 4 | | | | | |45 | | | | | |59 | | | | | |56 | | | | | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |31 | | | | | | | | | | | |5416. 63 | | | | | |7244. 79 | | | | | |29 | | | | |55 | | | | | |46 | | | | | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | |51 | | | | | | | | | | | |6552. 89 | | | | | |8718. 1 | | | | | |43 | | | | | |67 | | | | | |48 | | | | | | | | | | | |2003 – 1 | | | | | |16 | | | | | | | | | | | |6352. 93 | | | | | |8494. 2 | | | | | |46 | | | | | |63 | | | | | |51 | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | |26 | | | | | | | | | | | |6693. 01 | | | | | |8881. 5 | | | | | |55 | | | | | |68 | | | | | |43 | | | | | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |37 | | | | | | | | | | | |5761. 97 | | | | | |7669. 0 | | | | | |48 | | | | | |58 | | | | | |39 | | | | | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | |48 | | | | | | | | | | | |5419. 50 | | | | | |7265. 38 | | | | |33 | | | | | |54 | | | | | |47 | | | | | | | | | | | |2004 -1 | | | | | |22 | | | | | | | | | | | |5474. 64 | | | | | |7302. 7 | | | | | |35 | | | | | |55 | | | | | |44 | | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | |24 | | | | | | | | | | | |4650. 87 | | | | | |6335. 9 | | | | | |41 | | | | | |42 | | | | | |49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |4781. 91 | | | | | |6438. 3 | | | | | |48 | | | | | |45 | | | | | |39 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MULTI-PERIOD EOQ MODEL (Backordering) – NORMAL LEAD-TIME DEMAND | | | | | | | | | | |PROBLEM: |Betsy's Blue Bonnet Bakery | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Parameter Values: | | | | | | | |Mean of Demand Distribution: mu = | | | | | |1,000 | | | |Stand. Deviation of Demand Distribution: sigma = | | | | |100 | | | |Fixed Cost per Order: k = | | | | | | | |5,000 | | | |Annual Demand Rate: A = | | | | | | | |52,000 | | | |Unit Cost of Procuring an Item: c| |42. 00 | | | |= | | | | | |Annual Holding Cost per Dollar Value: h = |0. 20 | | | |Shortage Cost per Unit: pS = | |10. 0 | | | | | | | | | | |Optimal Values: | | | | | | | |Optimal Order Quantity: Q* = | 7,919 | | | | |Optimal Reorder Point: r* = | 1,114 | | | | |Expected Demand: mu = | 1,000 | | | | |Total Expected Cost: TEC(Q*) = | $ 67,471. 4 | | | | |Expected Shortages: B(r*) = |6. 47 | | | | |Probability of Shortage: P[D;r*] |0. 13 | | | | |= | | | |Betsy's Blue Bonnet Bakery | | | | | | |? = |0. 3 |? = |0. 5 |? = |0. | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |Actual |Trend |Slope |Seasonal |Forecast |Error | |Quarter |t |Sales, Yt |Tt |bt |St |Ft | | |2003 W |1 | 36,500 |   |   |   |   | | |1988 S |2 | 43,750 | 36,500. 00 | 7,250. 00 |1. 20 |   | | |1988 S |3 | 59,920 | 48,601. 00 | 9,675. 50 |1. 23 |   | | |1988 F |4 | 87,440 | 67,025. 55 | 14, 050. 03 |1. 0 |   | | |2004 W |5 | 102,240 | 87,424. 90 | 17,224. 69 |1. 17 |   | | |1988 S |6 | 123,420 | 104,144. 98 | 16,972. 38 |1. 19 | 125,436. 15 | (2,016. 15) | |1988 S |7 | 139,610 | 118,753. 37 | 15,790. 39 |1. 19 | 149,325. 16 | (9,715. 16) | |1988 F |8 | 135,380 | 125,312. 56 | 11,174. 79 |1. 13 | 175,522. 72 | (40,142. 72) | |2005 W |9 | 129,470 | 128,753. 89 | 7,308. 06 |1. 04 | 159,616. 61 | (30,146. 1) | |1988 S |10 | 137,570 | 129,989. 43 | 4,271. 80 |1. 08 | 161,612. 88 | (24,042. 88) | |1988 S |11 | 156,630 | 133,566. 44 | 3,924. 41 |1. 18 | 159,379. 23 | (2,749. 23) | |1988 F |12 | 150,980 | 136,498. 26 | 3,428. 11 |1. 11 | 154,702. 82 | (3,722. 82) | |2006 W |13 | 143,340 | 139,362. 57 | 3,146. 21 |1. 03 | 145,291. 38 | (1,951. 38) | |1988 S |14 | 153,360 | 142,190. 68 | 2,987. 16 |1. 08 | 154,509. 63 | (1,149. 3) | |1988 S |15 | 169,730 | 144,939. 30 | 2,867. 89 |1. 17 | 170,664. 76 | (934. 76) | |1988 F |16 | 161,990 | 147,249. 54 | 2,589. 07 |1. 10 | 164, 053. 12 | (2,063. 12) | |2007 W |17 | 154,760 | 149,940. 86 | 2,640. 19 |1. 03 | 154,408. 75 |351. 25 | |1988 S |18 | 164,780 | 152,592. 38 | 2,645. 85 |1. 08 | 164,739. 26 |40. 74 | |1988 S |19 | 186,730 | 156,466. 79 | 3,260. 13 |1. 19 | 181,930. 65 | 4,799. 5 | |1988 F |20 | 177,880 | 160,230. 59 | 3,511. 97 |1. 11 | 176,029. 75 | 1,850. 25 | |2008 W |21 | 170,360 | 164,152. 06 | 3,716. 72 |1. 04 | 168,951. 59 | 1,408. 41 | |1988 S |22 | 178,830 | 167,190. 82 | 3,377. 74 |1. 07 | 181,270. 26 | (2,440. 26) | |1988 S |23 | 195,550 | 168,732. 72 | 2,459. 82 |1. 16 | 202,826. 81 | (7,276. 81) | |1988 F |24 | 187,220 | 170,501. 72 | 2,114. 41 |1. 10 | 189,772. 64 | (2,552. 4) | |2009 W |25 | 163,230 | 168,070. 53 | (158. 39) |0. 98 | 178,936. 82 | (15,706. 82) | |1988 S |26 | 162,890 | 163,137. 87 | (2,545. 53) |1. 01 | 179,944. 64 | (17,054. 64) | |1988 S |27 | 174,540 | 157,361. 67 | (4,160. 86) |1. 12 | 187,085. 45 | (12,545. 45) | |1988 F |28 | 163,130 | 151,724. 53 | (4,899. 00) |1. 08 | 168,543. 79 | (5,413. 79) | |2010 W |29 | |   | |   | 144,517. 6 | | |1988 S |30 | |   | |   | 143,788. 09 | | |1988 S |31 | |   | |   | 153,515. 48 | | |1988 F |32 |   |   |   |   | 142,720. 95 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MSE = |175,943,211 | | | |

Monday, July 29, 2019

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines Republic Act No. 6848, otherwise known as â€Å"The Charter of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines† outlines that the primary purpose of the Islamic bank is â€Å"to promote and accelerate the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Region by performing banking, financing and investment operations and to establish and participate in agricultural, commercial and industrial ventures based on the Islamic concept of banking.† In addition to allowing the bank to act as a universal bank capable of offering both conventional and Islamic banking products and services, the Sections No. 10 the bargaining power of multilateral and bilateral aid organizations(USTDA, WB, ADB, JBIC) is high due to their involvement with micro-finance and development banks; the large size and unorganized nature of the labor sector affords it little bargaining power; bargaining power among depositors is highly skewed towards the higher income deciles who’s deposits ac count for 88.3% of the savings in banks, with the lower deciles having nor bargaining power. (2) With regard to the bargaining power of buyers, the higher income deciles belonging to the middle and upper classes resided and/or did business in the National Capital Region (NCR) and demand services such as â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦electronic banking, payroll services, and bill payments.†; The power portions of the population find it difficult to obtain financing from formal banks due to their situation, and thus do not have much bargaining power, but their sheer numbers offer a potentially large market. (3) With regard to the threat of new entrants, any new Islamic banks allowed by the BSP could actually benefit the Amanah Bank by providing much needed visibility for the beleaguered Philippine Islamic banking sector. (4) With regard to the threat of substitute, notable alternatives that customers may opt for are informal financial institutions, employers that provide loan programs, or complete abstinence from banking entirely. Another threat is the outflow of capital from the country. (5) With regard to rivalry among existing players, the tendency of banks to be large tends to lead them to avoid small borrowers and savers, as such the government has had to develop the banking system so as to include such institutions as thrift and rural banks which cater to the needs of small borrowers and savers who would otherwise resort to informal institutions. In order to counter the threat of oligopoly the government competes in the financial sector via the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP). (Isnaji, 2003)

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Risk & Value Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Risk & Value Management - Essay Example As the discussion highlights, political risk may be defined as the risk to the assets of an entity due to exposure to a political event. Political risks are related to a specific action from the government which can reduce the profitability of the firm. Political risks can be of 2 types – macro level political risk and micro level political risks. A macro level political risk is related to the general business environment of the country whereas a micro level risk is associated with the politics of a particular place and is site specific. The risk faced by AutoPlast is clearly a micro level risk. Due to the pollution caused by the chemical leak from the site and the fire outbreak; the resentment against the factory among local population is on the rise. This resentment can force the local administration as well as various political parties to take action against the factory .Possible risks include expropriation of property, repudiation of the contract for the factory and civil disturbance in the form of protests against the factory. The likelihood of the risk is medium as the factory has been in existence for the past 25 years. Although people may be angry due to the current issues but long term relationships will help the factory tide over the risk. Mitigation plans for this risk can be taking the political representatives into confidence; making the people aware of the contributions by the factory and working with the administration to ensure no future repeat of the disasters take place. AutoPlast faces economic ri sks due to two factors – one is the competition from cheaper products from Eastern Europe which places a question mark over the viability of the factory and other is the possibility of additional investment to safeguard the factory from further hazard.

Unit 3 Discussion Big Ideas in Science Research Paper

Unit 3 Discussion Big Ideas in Science - Research Paper Example So the sooner one reveals a theory the more time it gives to the world to explore it. 2. Skepticism can be faced by presenting facts and reasoning understood by the scientist. It would be ideal to detail the process of the whole theory the idea behind it and the reason why it occurred. Any theory needs to have a solid scientific reasoning to be approved. According to (Oskin,2013) â€Å"Wegeners theory of continental drift was soundly denounced by geologists. Part of the opposition was because Wegener didnt have a good model to explain how the continents moved back and forth†.It is necessary for the theorist to prove that the previous theory was wrong and reason for it. The scientific detailing of a theory can avoid the scientist being labeled a crack pot. 3. The best way to explain the continental drift is by analyzing the plate tectonics with GPS. GPS is Global Positioning System which works with the help of satellite devices. According to (Garmin ,1996) â€Å"The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense†. It shows that the earth’s plates are floating on the surface and it makes it clear that they are moving all the time. Event the devices that project 3D image of seismic activity is important for supporting Wegner’s theory. One of the evidence which can be shows is the presence of Negroid races in many parts of continents. It can be seen that there is Negroid races in India and other Asian countries and even the topography and vegetation is somewhat similar. The wild life and aquatic animals remain somewhat similar and this can be because the animals shared a common ancestor and had few changes due to evolution. The evidence can be collected by visiting some parts of continents and showcasing its inhabitants and geographical nature. Patrick is quiet right that Wegner has not revealed the theory too soon

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Do we posses free will and are we ever morally responisble Essay

Do we posses free will and are we ever morally responisble - Essay Example Furthermore, the denial of free will leads to the fact that morality as a science of human responsibility and freedom of ethical choice loses its value. Not having the freedom of will, a person cannot take a free moral choice. Consequently, regardless of human actions including bad ones no one can punish a person because in this case the man is not morally responsible. From my point of view, these two arguments in favor of the existence of free will are sufficiently convincing. Nevertheless, opponents of the idea of free will can bring two rather serious counterarguments that have scientific and ethical character. According to the first scientific counterargument, human free will cannot exist for one simple reason. Every human act can be explained on the basis of the reason, which leads to its implementation. Specialists who deny free will demonstrate that regardless of what people do one can find reasons for their behavior and actions. Not by chance that many philosophers who had the opportunity to conduct scientific studies have concluded that human life, actions, and even thoughts are deterministic, since they have a cause. Therefore, free will cannot exist because determinism defines human life. For example, in addressing the issue of the relationship between free will and determinism, a well-known English philosopher Thomas Hobbes emerged as an opponent of the doctrine of free will (Duncan). Hobbes defined the will as the desire stemming from the preceding act of deliberation. The will is not arbitrary, said Hobbes, thus Hobbes denied any free will. Hobbes consistently and persistently p ursued the idea that the will itself is caused by other factors that do not depend on it. Therefore, all voluntary actions are caused by necessary reasons and are compelled. This logic may seem to be rather convincing and able to justify the denial of the existence of freedom. Nevertheless, if one continues to

Friday, July 26, 2019

Sustainability in Global Business The German Car Industry BMW Statistics Project

Sustainability in Global Business The German Car Industry BMW - Statistics Project Example The company enjoys a strong brand name as customers view their products as offering premier value. In spite of the company’s standing, it faces significant environmental and socio-political risks in the next 50 years. Germany continues to enjoy a distinct position in the global automotive industry. For instance, German cars account for 17 percent of the world’s passenger car production. In the domestic Germany’s scenario, the car industry remains the most vital sector in the economy. The car industry, in this sense, serves both a functional and aesthetic purpose since it brands the country. The German cars, for instance, have manifested the country as capable of impeccable efficiency. Germany remains the Europe’s largest automobile producer with the highest concentration of OEM plants in the continent. This also reflects in the industry’s annual investment of EUR 19.6 billion towards research and development (Nooteboom 2006, p. 56). As a result, the country records 10 new auto patents in a day. In the contemporary business setting, industries have a role beyond the pursuit of profits. This happens as individuals realize that businesses create externalities to the environment. One of the externalities that businesses consistently create to the society is destruction of the environment. Pollution from industries emit substances in the environment that interferes with the sustainability of the ecosystem and, especially, threatens the future of human life. Environment is a key concern in the sustainability campaigns. It is essential to highlight that automobiles highly contribute to global emission levels. This occurs since petroleum fuels are the main source of energy for car movement. The EU offers an analysis and regulation measures that best defines the current state and targets. The EU reports that cars are responsible for about 12 percent of aggregate emissions of carbon dioxide, which is the major greenhouse gas. According to one of the

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Logic Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logic Application - Essay Example Now, this belief goes against the teachings of Bible about stealing. The fact is that a culture is surrounded by a variety of beliefs and human actions that they perform in different situations. Sometimes, those actions earn people benefits even when they are wrong if compared with the God’s words. In such situations, those negative actions become common human behaviors, as well as part of the culture. The impact of following the culture blindly is not good for a society in the long-term. For example, if people adopt the habit of stealing each other’s assets, it will give rise to insecurity and mistrust everywhere in the society. People should understand that stealing is wrong because it makes the environment insecure. As Kurtus (2010) states, â€Å"There have been cases of a mob of angry people catching a purse-snatcher and beating him senseless†. People should understand that what a person earns is his/her personal asset and nobody has the right to steal that asset even if a person has an excess of an

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application Assignment

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application - Assignment Example We have seen applications that help in pitch correction, instruments tuning and mobile recording. In addition, the music fans are able to enjoy music at a greater extent. Technology has also made music to be more affordable for the music fans. One of the major contributors of music evolution is the mobile technology (Katz, 2010). This technology has brought conveniences to hundreds of millions of people. There is a great correlation between music, mobile technology and social media. This is a major source of revolution. Every day new software and applications are developed to enhance the music quality. Technology has therefore turned the people not only to just mere listeners, but music makers (Childs, 2011). Therefore technology and music will always co-exist. This paper is meant to discuss the possibility of creating a plan for a new music-related application. The Alpha Music Studio is one of the applications that are meant to bring a revolution in the music world. This is an application that helps to organize music and music albums. The application will be installed on any device that uses an android, Microsoft windows, and Apple windows among others. The application will be able to split a piece of music into different components. It will also help the listener to listen to different components of music. Some of these components include the instrumentals, sol-fa notes as well as the vocals. In addition, the application will able to split the vocals into different voices. The application will have a speech-to-text component that is able to convert the audio sound into visual lyrics. With all these uses I believe that the application will have a number of users that will take the music industry to the next level (Van, 2009). The application will have a number of targets. I believe it can be used by a number of people. The first group that is being

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Lord Byron and Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lord Byron and Greece - Essay Example But one cannot forget his sacrifices for what he did for freedom of Greece. Byron was fond of travels and travelled whole Europe after which he felt his dual personality should be recognised by Don Juan instead of Bryon, so most of his biographies represent "Don Juan". Byron after travelling stopped eventually to Pisa where P.B. Shelley was awaiting for him, as she remained his lifetime devoted friend. Shelley's death lead him towards an entire different direction, he started involving in political freedom and stopped at Greece, where he found struggles for democracy and freedom from Turkey. Byron was so relentless in helping the Greek cause that he invested his everything to organise the mission to help the Greek cause. Byron was on his way towards struggle for Greeks by training troops in the squalid, marshy town of Missolonghi, that he incapacitated an incurable fever. The fever took his life on April 19, 1824, just after his thirty-sixth birthday. Although he was not much praised with respect to the Greek army, but his sudden absence from the Greek platform could not be compensated and resulted in a vacuum, which is till there and can be felt whenever 'liberation of the Greek' is discussed. Such a national hero is still unborn in Greece. Lord Byron was no doubt a revolutionist, a complete liberal,... lutionary movements in Italy and Spain, Lord Byron published his own journal named 'Liberal', "Byron defined a liberal as one interested in national sovereignty, not social reform" 3. If we analyse his life with respect to political issues that he was confronted to throughout his life we would come to know that he was the one who believed "in the very root of the word liberal, he was the one who possessed in true sense the colour of a liberal not only in his political career but also in his personal life, the acted according to his own will and pleasure, he was his own master. Gross has written in his article "His acts were unrestricted, unrestrained, and his political views are frank, open, and bold" 4. Byron had been subjected to many influences oppressive to his natural talents and besides holding political views, he had written from many aspects other than sheer self-expression, gained his liberty gradually through experiences, which had much to do in shaping and determining what his freest expression would be. Byron started taking interest in Greek politics when he attended the House of Lords where he became a strong advocate of social reform. "In the spring of 1812, his maiden speech in the House of Lords and his new friendship with the Holland had committed him politically to the Whigs, and he was therefore to be kept in Murray's drawing room as a strictly literary find." 5Before entering the House of Lords Byron was confronted to the conservative critic responses by the then political poets, and was subjected to such names like "Byron's political caprice" and "Byron's inexperience". However "In 1811 he was one of the few men in Parliament to defend the actions of the Luddites and the following year spoke against the Frame Breaking Bill, by which the

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢Race †¢Ethnicity †¢Religion †¢Gender †¢Sexual orientation †¢Age †¢Disability CategoryStereotype 1Stereotype 2Stereotype 3 RaceAll Hispanics are gang bangers. Black people are good at basketball. White people cannot dance. GenderWomen are responsible for raising the childrenWomen are not as smart as men. Women should not be race car drivers. Sexual OrientationGay men have HIVGay men are all sissiesAll lesbians have short spiky hair Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? I think there may only be one positive effect to stereotyping. If we look at a group, we can use stereotypes to categorize these groups. We can then identify if there is a problem, and help that group to overcome oppression. If we do not recognize that a certain group is being discriminated against we cannot fix the problem. †¢What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? Most stereotypes seem to have a negative tone towards the group of people they are intended for. Those types of stereotypes can be hurtful because they are opinions that are not the truth. Stereotypes can also affect the way people think about themselves and how they interact with others, for example Muslims are stereotyped as terrorist therefore people avoid Muslims all together. (Schaefer,2012). Part IIIÃ'Ž Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. The difference between stereotyping and prejudice is that stereotyping is an over-generalization about an entire group assuming that since one person who is of that group does or acts a certain way, the rest of that group does the same. Prejudice is disliking or favoring an entire group because of their race, ethnic, or religious background. An example of stereotyping is all people who have mental disorders are crazy. A prejudice example is that women do not belong in the work force but at home in the kitchen (Schaefer, R. , 2012). †¢What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? When one holds onto the belief or believes the truth behind a stereotype, it can eventually turn into prejudice. Judging one’s actions to the point that the whole group acts or thinks the same way based on that one action can lead to something worse than just a belief or opinion. Profiling an entire group because of one’s action can lead to misunderstandings, wrongful deaths, and wrongful criminalization. Both stereotyping and discrimination are based on generalizations. †¢What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Programs promoting that every person regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background are our equals and unique in his or her own personality. Our media plays a huge role in prejudice in going along with the stereotypes that have been around for decades. If we avoid feeding the stereotypes into our movies, magazines, etc.people will be able to see more diversity as everyday regular. Getting involved in your community is another way to help prevent prejudice. Communicate with your neighbors and people within your community to help bring a sense of togetherness regardless of what your races, religion, or ethnic backgrounds maybe. We also need to teach our children that differences between people are what make life interesting and fun Schaefer, R. , 2012)! Schaefer,R. ,(2012) Racial and Ethnics Groups 13th Edition, Merrill Prentice HallÃ'Ž

Monday, July 22, 2019

Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Essay Example for Free

Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Essay The key to limiting liability exposure is to realize where your company might be vulnerable. It is important to be able to recognize possible situations that make a company vulnerable. Knowing all possible significant aspects of any liability associated to the type of business an owner wants to participate in is vital. A business owner should always understand and have working knowledge of all laws that apply to your business to prevent liabilities. Personal Business Venture My future personal business venture would a clothing line for curvy women. As a curvy woman, it is very difficult to find non-geometric, non-tent like, flower patterned, ugly business and casual clothing. The best business organizational form for this business would be an LLC. LLC’s are easy to set up. Chose a business name that incorporates LLC, file an article of organization, create an operating agreement, obtain licenses and permits, hire employees, and finally open the doors. I would have variety of partners from textiles, designers, clothing producers, managers, and finally marketing specialists. The personal liability exposure would be minimal. With an LLC if I messed up the partners would not be responsible. The consequences are not as bad is if I was in a corporation. The LLC is more flexible. The positives are less record keeping and more profit sharing. The state would have some say into my company so I would have to keep up with guidance regularly. The negative of this company is that once a member leaves, the entire company must complete their duties and responsibilities and then dissolve. Another down fall is that self-employment tax contributions towards Medicare and Social Security. â€Å"The net income of the LLC is subject to this tax. The federal government does not recognize LLC as a business entity for taxation purposes, all LLCs must file as a corporation, partnership, or sole proprietorship tax return. Certain LLCs are automatically classified and taxed as a corporation by federal tax law. †

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Cloud Computing Solutions For Celcom Axiata

Cloud Computing Solutions For Celcom Axiata Enclosed is report of cloud computing solutions for Celcom Axiata Berhard for your reference and consideration. This report is a summary of findings from study, online researches, and depth interview during March May 2011 as part of assignment for Management Information System in University of Southern Queensland. The report include overview of cloud computing solutions, analysis of current IT infrastructure issues and challenges, and how cloud computing can be beneficial to your company. Cloud computing is latest current disruptive technologies and is the fastest growing form of computing, with an estimated market size in 2009 of $8 billion, and a projected size of $160 billion in 2012 (Gartner, 2008; Merrill Lynch, 2008). As mobile and social computing are growing faster in the history of technology, and enterprise applications will need to adapt to provide similar concept inside company to increase business collaboration and at the end will improve business processes, as well cost reduction. We thank you for good corporation from Celcom IT Infrastructure department by facilitating depth interview and group discussion within IT team during our research. If you have any questions and/or comments regarding of this report please feel free to contact us. Yours sincerely, Sriyani, Aan Fan Jiang TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary i Introduction Celcom and business background IT Infrastructure : issues challenges Issues challenges IT Ecosystem Cloud Computing and its business benefits and costs Recommendation of cloud computing adoption Conclusions EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report evaluates corporate mission, business strategy, grand IT Infrastructure of Celcom Axiata Berhard in order to provide recommendations regarding cloud computing solutions in company IT strategy. A detailed cloud computing definition has provided in this report, followed by differentiation deployment models, service models and also further elaboration to benefits and cost cloud computing solution. A major finding in current complexity IT infrastructure to support business requirement and challenges to reduce increasing cost of maintenance and deployment of IT technology every year. Depth analysis and research to cloud computing solutions provided in the market, and also adoption recommendation have been provided in this report. It is recommended Celcom as multinational company must have strategic outlook on the future of ICT practices as market is undergoing changes due to technological advancements to adapt and follow market trends and increase ability to compete in the market. In this report, company is suggested to run pilot project to adapt sales cloud to improve business process in sales division and develop private cloud computing by doing virtualization Aim of this report is giving ideas to increase productivity, improve business process and keep focus to reduce cost of maintenance and deployment of IT Technology. Company also has huge opportunity to deliver new business services via cloud computing to current business user customers. INTRODUCTION Company Background Celcom Axiata Berhard (Bhd) is one of market leader mobile operator in Malaysia and occupying over one-third of the market share at the end of Year 2010. Under the control of the Axiata Group, was rebranded from Telekom Malaysias international mobile operations unit Telekom Malaysia International (TMI) on March 31 2009 and formerly launching its new identity on April 2 2009. Axiata Groups major shareholder is Khazanah Nasional Berhad, with a 44.51% stake, while its other significant shareholders with over 5% holdings are the Employees Provident Fund Board (14.22%) and Amanah Raya Nominees (8.52%). As the first mobile operator in Malaysia, Celcom has the widest network coverage in the country, covering 98% of the populated areas in the country. Align with their mission to become number one mobile operator in Malaysia by 2013 and vision to deliver best service for customers and growing innovation in mobile technology, currently Celcom closing the gap with over 11 million subscribers by Quarter 4, 2010. Celcoms core business is in providing prepaid and postpaid mobile voice services. Under Prepaid strong hold, has 3 different brands covering different segmentation, Xpax including sub brand UOX and SOX for Youth segment, Blue for Basic Malaysian, and Celcom Sukses for International segment. In postpaid segment Celcom has Postpaid Exec to serve personal user and Celcom Biz to serve enterprise business user. Celcom strong growth has been further supplemented by the growing data services segment and mobile broadband business, making it Malaysias leading mobile broadband provider. All complete information about Celcom Axiata Berhard (Bhd) can be found through company website at www.celcom.com.my Purpose of Report This report was prepared to evaluate the IT Infrastructure and introduce cloud computing as part of IT future strategy to drive greater cost efficiencies, improvement business process as well new revenue stream for the company. It was commissioned by Mr. Noor Kamarul Anuar Nuruddin as Chief Information Technology Transformation Officer of Celcom Axiata Berhard IT INFRASTRUCTURE : ISSUES AND CHALLENGES To serve over 11 million subscriber and more than 3,900 employees nationwide at Head office included 6 regional offices, Celcom is really dependent to integrated, systematic and high standards Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure. Information technology is playing a very critical role to support and enhance business process, nevertheless to meet business expectation in timely manner. Issues Challenges According to General Manager IT Infrastructure there are several challenges in IT organization as listed below: Complexity of IT and Network elements to support business requirements its fact that IT has always been massively complex and considerably inefficient. To support business requirement, most often are not designed for efficiency but to get the job done. New business requirement which forced beyond articulated needs to create first-of-a-kind products and service. New disruptive technology in market like facebook and other social network has direct impact yet create reduction of customer voice usage and impacting to revenue growth slow-down. Increasing operation Maintenance cost Operational expenditure cost keeps increasing year on year by 9% mostly for maintenance legacy system and company profitability growth will be challenging to keep without continuous cost optimization. Continuation of staff reduction in response to smart spending initiative Celcom IT ecosystem To provide internal best solution, Celcom has policy standard operating environment (SOE) to use 2 different vendors in each major component. These 2 vendors should be chosen from Tier 1 and Tier 2 recommendation by Gartner and able to provide best and breed solutions. Gartner, Inc. is the worlds leading information technology research and advisory company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.A., and has 4,400 associates, including 1,200 research analysts and consultants, and clients in 85 countries (http://www.gartner.com/technology/about.jsp). Under current organization, Celcom IT ecosystem consists of: Office automation Office automation is really important to support daily works for all employees. According to Wikipedia (2011, p. 1) office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. Office automation helps in optimizing and automating existing office procedures which using LAN/WAN as back bone for Celcom offices and 45 branches including administration and management for electronic scheduling and messaging system using Outlook, antivirus, working desktop/laptop, telephony (Pabx), printer, scanner, facsimile, and mobile device for each employee. Enterprise Applications Enterprise applications are systems that span functional areas, focus on executing business processes across the business firm and include all levels of management (Laudon Laudon 2010, p. 82). In Celcom, enterprise application enabling company to execute and optimize business support processes with modular solutions. SAP ERP Financials To handle core accounting and reporting capabilities, receivables management, treasury and shared services SAP Supply Chain Management (SCM) To support day to day business process procurement purchasing or management module, vendor record management, sourcing request for quotation (RFQ) management, contract management, purchase order management, requisition management, invoice processing, and automatic settlement SAP Sales Distribution (SD)To support processing sales quotation, processing sales order, and delivery starter pack reload coupon processing, reporting, and sales commission for dealer SAP provides better insight and visibility across organizations, improve operational efficiency and effectiveness, and increase flexibility to address business change. Human Resources people soft 9.0 To support business process of online attendance, employee claim management, leave, overtime management, record pay and compensation history, payroll and compensation, employee performance and development documents, review and evaluation, record history details employee, and recruitment Knowledge Management Intranet Celcom Blue-Net Intranet base portal with collection of knowledge and information reports compilation includes whitepapers, conference papers presented at various events. Interactive session and discussion forums chat and search engine functionality to ease searching knowledge process. Customer Service Relationship (CRM) handled by system Rover 2 Customer service tools for prepaid activation account service, customer enquiries, reload, customer record data, migration brand (change plan), and bill payment. Call Center (Amdocs) serve for call center agent to handling complaint, record complaint history, case interaction Sales Marketing Next System, Integrated with SAP SD to register activate customer account, ordering stock starter pack recharge, monitor sales performance, distributor allocate to certain id dealer and tagging id base on allocation for commission payment, real time report base on activation and reload denomination. Cube (Desk Next), monitoring sales performance base on distributor until business manager until dealer name, floating stock, activation, distribution allocation, report payment commission base on tier incentive scheme and performance. Reporting Monitoring Operational Data Storage (ODS), consist of internal raw data of sales, revenue, recharge, migration, churn for analysis purposes. Enterprise Information Portal (EIP), is dashboard monitoring daily, weekly, monthly by brand and regional performance. Infrastructure Networking/Telecommunications LAN (local area network) connects network devices over a relatively short distance between floors and Wan (wide area network) connects networking Head office, regional office and branches. Data management and storage A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated storage network that provides access to consolidated, block level storage. SAN used to make storage devices having accessible to servers and devices appear as locally attached to the operating system. On top of that, for data management and storage also using network attached storage as a convenient method of sharing files for multiple computers with additional benefits of network-attached storage, which giving faster data access, easier administration, and simple configuration Security To protect networks from unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications and Firewall, Anti Virus, Anti Spamming Back up recovery and monitoring The purpose to do back up, recovery and monitoring is to avoid data losses and ability to recover data in certain time frame where have been defined by user under data retention policy made by company. CLOUD COMPUTING and ITS BENEFITS COST Overview of Cloud Computing Base on NIST Definition of Cloud Computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models (Peter Mell Timothy Grance. 2011, p. 2) Four deployment models differentiation base on NIST definition of cloud computing (Peter Mell Timothy Grance. 2011, p. 3) Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds) Cloud computing is the current highlight among IT expert and strategically to push cloud computing forward. First, Cloud computing enabling technologies such as virtualization, open source, massive scale automation and multi tenancy. Second, more successful vendor with their offerings are filling the market with positive customer experiences. Third, recession continues to squeeze funds from IT budgets and prompt CIOs to look for more ways to save money. By it characteristic flexible and scalable, cloud computing business models base on as-needed basis or popular with pay-as-you-go. These new business models will reduce the amount of capital and resources tied up in in-house IT, automated and charges base on actual usage data and user able to access lightweight applications that are sufficient for specific business needs, self serve. Cloud Computing Solutions Base on NIST Definition of Cloud Computing there are 3services models of cloud computing solution (Peter Mell Timothy Grance. 2011, p. 2) : SAAS Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the providers applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g.,web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). Benefits Cost of Cloud Computing Understanding current ecosystem in company, SAAS and IAAS are better option to be adapted to achieve cost reduction and improve business process. Currently, some leading cloud vendors such as Amazon, Sales Force, Google, Citrix and Microsoft, HP are providing cloud computing solutions. Benefits SAAS models Some application offered by clouds vendors can be considered to be applied such as Sales and CRM application where give company more benefits: Lower capital costs flexible pricing models. With cloud computing company dont need to spend large investments on servers and storage, up front licenses fees, maintenance fees for software. New pricing models bring by cloud computing are typically paid for on a per user subscription basis. Mobility and Flexibility. applications can be accessible anytime and anywhere using internet connection Ease of use, maintenance and integration. User friendly application, easy to configure and easy to integrate with other application in current ecosystem Reliable and Secure. There are more cloud computing provider in the market with numbers of client offering reliability and security over data and 24 hours support. Seamless software upgrade. Upgrade to latest software can be done seamlessly to add more features with no additional cost. Benefits IAAS models Company can consider private cloud computing in data center by doing virtualization whereby Virtualization is a converged infrastructure for shared services where as few number of server would be act as a pool of data centers removing hundred over physical servers which seated and eating up floor space and power consumption. Benefit from virtualization can be obtained from 3 areas: Automates application provisioning. Automates application provisioning eliminates number of actual resources and time consumed in internal meetings required for coordination Time savings. Application deployment elapsed time savings; virtualization allows application to be set up in minutes instead of weeks or months. Power infrastructure cost avoidance; Compaq structured data center cutting down electricity cost hence there is no more massive power and cooling needed. RECOMMENDATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING ADAPTION Along the line with company strategy to be number 1 mobile operator in Malaysia by 2013, and look into market maturity company need to improve business process, focus on cost reduction, and drive new revenue stream from non voice and data. Business growth always required more IT investment meanwhile in the same time company need to focus on cost reduction. Current company grand IT infrastructure still using traditional concept where by company buy and have full ownership all hardware and software. All Malaysia mobile operators havent considered cloud computing as part of IT strategy, but major global mobile operators such as ATT, British Telecom, Orange, Verizon include SingTel in Asia region has adapt cloud computing in their IT strategy. To achieve greater competitive advantages and gain more market share we recommend company to start consider cloud computing as part of IT strategy. Meanwhile IT division have to do proper analysis and examination to create comprehensive cloud computing strategy, we suggest company adopt light application sales cloud offered by Sales force and doing virtualization for IAAS as a pilot project to introduce cloud computing solutions. Improvement sales business process using SAAS model Base on observation in sales division, more than 70% time consume by sales agent not for selling but looking for information for new leads dealership, customer complaint, deal updates, administration and approval, data monitoring, product and promotion latest updates and presentations. There is no application collaboration from head office until regional level that can help them to get all above information so they can concentrate more to sales jobs. Sales force offer sales cloud service base on pay per user basis where user can access it anywhere through an Internet-enabled mobile device or a connected computer can be answered to above problems. Sales force founded in March 1999 by former Oracle executive Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, Dave Moellenhoff, and Frank Dominguez specializing in software as a service (SaaS). Currently, have 82,400 customers and over 2,100,000 subscribers. Sales force, service running in the cloud. Some benefits using sales service cloud from Sales Force are: Integrated application and information from leads, account, contact, opportunities, reports and dashboard in one application, hence sales customer service agent will not waste their working time to find information and juggle in different application Real time update information through smart phone hence latest product and promotion can be reached in quicker time for sales and customer service agent. Since every employee in company have been provided blackberry smart phone, from now on blackberry will bring new function to support sales and service. Small investment compare to total cost of ownership internal technology assets from hardware and software acquisition, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime/failure cost, space and energy. Flexibility upgrade to new software whenever needed without losing cost on prior internal in house investment and additional hardware to support customer growth. Include automatic latest version upgrade without losing time upgrading each of computer unit High adoption due to sales force is using web base application internet and also training support Seamless Integration due to sales force is using different application programming interface (Api) that easily can be integrated with current company infrastructure As we discussed earlier, in cloud business models sales force are giving lower capital cost because company dont need to spend in large servers, storage, license fee and ongoing maintenance by giving flexible pricing models base on number of user starting from USD5 125/user/month Deliver cost optimization through Private Cloud Virtualization For years, IT have been adding servers, storage and networking devices to keep pace with applications and data generation. As a result Celcom has a massive data center where by IT resources locked up in countless number technology structured. To ensure service level agreements (SLAs), IT resources have created over provisioning and underutilization, becoming collectively difficult to manage. As a result, greater budget portion is being spent on operations and create more difficulties for IT to deploy new services in quickly and efficiently manner. To avoid further diminished productivity, complex networking and unnecessary facility cost, IT organization must heads up to private cloud by doing virtualization server. provision and modify complex infrastructure can be done in minutes not months thru self provision from desktop, notebook even tablet pc from anywhere in or out office contrary with legacy system where need more staff and third party to provision. When additional capacity is needed, workload can be moved to where capacity is exists and server that isnt used can be shut down to save energy. Utilization of servers is increasing; reducing loaded of servers needed in data center and minimizes floor space. To get better view how much cost can be saved by doing virtualization, HP technical team did exercise calculation total savings over 3 years together using HP Blade system Matrix. Illustration of calculation as below table : . Launch IAAS as an opportunity to gain new revenue stream In long term strategy, virtualization is also leading company as telecommunication provider to serve Current enterprise business customers (SMEs) by offering Infrastructure as a service (Iaas). These can also be seen as a potential opportunity to gain new revenue streams. As a benchmark ATT Europe Telecommunication provider has launched Sypnotic storage as a service. Sypnotic storage as a service is Web service-based virtualized storage on-demand solution that easily scales up and down with pay-only-for storage used availability. Sypnotic a pay-as-you-go service that is billed based on company actual usage each month. The service has several usage-based components, including virtual machine resources, networking resources, additional storage and data access. (Peter Hall. 2010, p.10). In bottom line, Celcom also has huge opportunity to bundle Iaas service with current business package with voice, broadband, business mobile and email solution to existing Celcom Biz enterprise customers. Celcom can leverage reputations and solid performances to offer reliable, comprehensive and secure cloud services. CONCLUSION This report has analyzed overall the grand IT infrastructure, current disruptive technology of cloud computing solution and overall business strategy. The following points and findings were made in this report: Information technology has enter to new era with cloud computing solutions where offer flexibility, scalability and new pricing model Company must consider cloud computing solutions to achieve improvement in business process, cost reduction and chance to gain new revenue stream by having new product solution for business customers. Celcom as a multinational company must have strategic outlook on the future of ICT practices as market is undergoing changes due to technological advancements. It is also important company to adapt and follow market trends and increase ability to compete in the market. Company to adapt sales cloud offer by sales force to improve business process in sales division. Company to develop private cloud computing by doing virtualization makes it easier for IT to deliver faster and taking advantage of speed to deploy IT-based solutions faster to meet the business needs. In the end, virtualization aim to increase productivity and reduce facility cost. Company also has huge opportunity to deliver new business services by bundle Iaas with current business package such as voice, broadband, business mobile and email solution to existing Celcom Biz enterprise customers. By ensuring the value of services delivered via cloud computing, company not only delivers business value to their business users but increase value preposition and extend company sustainability.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

French and British Colonialism Bibliography usage :: essays research papers

Topic: What were the legacies of French and British colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa? How similar/different were those legacies? Paul Nugent. (2004). Africa Since Independence. Palgrave Macmillan This is a comparative study of the different trajectories and experiences of independent African states. It addresses the differential legacies of British, French, Portuguese, Belgian and Spanish colonialism as well as the unique qualities of imperial Ethiopia and Liberia Richard Hughes (2003). Capricorn: David Stirling's African Campaign. Radcliffe Press Capricorn is the story of a small band of idealists in the decade before independence that believed a future without racial discrimination would allow the countries of east and central Africa to prosper. Story wises the effects of the turbulent history of post-colonial Africa and its disappointment to idealists and to politicians who hoped for peace in countries free of European control. Retrieved July 2004 from: Nicholas Pederson, ACDIS-Arms Control Disarmament and International Security, French Colonialism in Africa at: www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect3.html This series paper details France’s need for uranium, a resource made an advantage to France by its colonialism in Africa. The paper also details the events of Africa’s largest and longest lasting colonial empires in history-the French Colony. Details factors involved in the decision to pursue African based colonies and details the ideas involved in assimilating and associating the African people into French culture. Retrieved July 2004 from: Nicholas Pederson, ACDIS-Arms Control Disarmament and International Security French Colonialism In Africa Post-WWII at: www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs /sect4.html The paper details the beginning of the end of French Colonialism in Africa by Charles de Gaulle creation of the Fifth French Republic in 1958 and his coming to power. Retrieved July 2004 from: University of Nothern Iowa, Geographic Alliance of Iowa: Standard Four: The Human Characteristics of Nigeria at: www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background The article details the events of Nigeria’s creation through British colonialism. Also details the legacies left behind in Nigeria such as the English language, culture, and presents a balanced view of Nigeria’s stereotypes and truths. Linguistic and the Political Geography of Nigeria are also detailed. Retrieved June 2004 from: University of Maryland. ICONS Americas Transatlantic Connections at: http://www.icons.umd.edu/americas/afr-am.htm The article highlights the differences between administrative policies of British colonialism and Latin, French policies. Very brief and to the point but also contains links to Organization of Africans in the Americas(Europe). O. Patricia Cambridge, Ph.D. (2000) Africa Untold. Ohio Univeristy Detailed similarities of the effects of European colonies on Africa’s Religion, Politics, Economics, Women, Children, Men and Kinship.